XXI - I centuries BC:
In development . . .
SCm??? 2000bc Feb 6
Egypt: First Intermediate Period (2150-1975 BC) Dynasties IX-XI Egypt splits back into two countries. The Old Kingdom ends and the first Intermediate period begins
Trading ships in Aegean Sea (around 2000)
Builing Palaces on Crete (around 2000)
Pepper is widely used in Indian cooking.
SCm??? 1992bc Aug 28
1991: Egiptians begun building Pyramid of Amenemhet I in Lisht (55 meters)
Amenemhat I rule started, He was the first ruler of the Twelfth Dynasty
SCm??? 1982bc Jun 19
SCm??? 1979bc May 2
1971bc: Egiptians begun building Pyramid of Senusret I in Lisht (61.25 meters)
Senusret I rule started, He was he second pharaoh of the Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt.
SCm??? 1962bc Mar 22
Pyramid of Amenemhet I build was finished
SCm??? 1951bc Mar 20
SCm??? 1939bc Nov 18
SCm??? 1927bc Nov 7
1926: Pyramid of Senusret I build was finished
SCm??? 1916bc Feb 16
SCm??? 1906bc Aug 11
1897bc: Egiptians begun building Pyramid of Senusret II in Ellahum (47.6 meters)
SCm??? 1895bc Oct 20
SCm??? 1884bc Jun 3
1878: Pyramid of Senusret II build was finished
SCm??? 1873bc Sep 18
SCm??? 1861bc May 14
1860bc: Egiptians begun building Pyramid of Amenemhet III in Hawara (75 meters)
SCm??? 1850bc Dec 17
SCm??? 1839bc Sep 3
SCm??? 1828bc Aug 10
SCm??? 1817bc Jul 11
1814bc: Pyramid of Amenemhet III build was finished
SCm??? 1805bc Feb 24
SCm??? 1800BC Apr 7
Iron age in India
Beginning of the Nordic Bronze Age in the period system devised by Oscar Montelius.
Hyksos start to settle in the Nile Delta. They had the capital at Avaris in northeastern Nile Delta.
Indo-Aryan migration started
1800 BC – 1700 BC: Decline of the Indus Valley Civilization
1800 BC – 1300 BC: Troy VI flourishes.
SCm??? 1793bc May 1
c. 1792 BC – 1750 BC: (middle chronology) – Hammurabi rules Babylonia and has to deal with Mari, which he conquers late in his career.
c. 1792 BC – 1750 BC: (middle chronology) – Stela of Hammurabi, from Susa (modern Shush, Iran) is made. It is now in Musée du Louvre, Paris.
birth of Hammurabi (1792 BC–1750 BC), ruler of the Babylonian Empire
SCm??? 1786bc Aug 30
1787 BC – 1784 BC: Amorite conquests of Uruk and Isin.
1786 BC: Egypt: Queen Sobekneferu dies. End of Twelfth Dynasty, start of Thirteenth Dynasty, start of Fourteenth Dynasty.
SCm??? 1780bc Oct 28
1779 BC: Zimrilim, the King of Mari, starts to rule.
SCm??? 1774bc Mar 18
Middle Kingdom (1975-1640 BC) Dynasties XI-XIV The Pharaoh Mentuhotep II reunites the two parts of Egypt under one rule signaling the start of the Middle Kingdom. The royal tombs are moved to the north near the city of Memphis. The Egyptians start to use irrigation to carry water from the Nile to their crops.
1770 BC: Babylon, capital of Babylonia becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from Thebes, capital of Egypt.
SCm??? 1768bc Dec 20
1764bc: Egiptians begun building Pyramid of Khendjer in Saggara (37.25 meters)
SCm??? 1762bc Mar 20
1764 BC – 1750 BC: Wars of Hammurabi.
1759bc: Pyramid of Khendjer build was finished
SCm??? 1756bc Oct 9
1757 BC: Mari sacked by Hammurabi. Zimrilim's palace is destroyed. 1757 BC: Zimrilim, the King of Mari, dies.
SCm??? 1751bc Dec 23
1750 BC: Hyksos occupation of Northern Egypt.
1750 BC: A colossal volcanic eruption at Mount Veniaminof, Alaska.
c. 1750 BC: Vedic period starts in India.
c. 1750 BC: Investiture of Zimrilim (Zimrilim, King of Mari, before the Goddess Ishtar), facsimile of a wall painting on mud plaster from the Zimrilim palace at Mari (modern Tell Hariri, Syria), Court 106, is made. It is now in Musée du Louvre, Paris.
1749 BC – 1712 BC: Mesopotamian Rebellions.
SCm??? 1747bc Apr 12
SCm??? 1744bc Feb 28
SCm??? 1742bc Oct 4
SCm??? 1740bc Aug 15
c. 1740–1720 BC: reigns of pharaoh Neferhotep I and his brother Sobekhotep IV, marking the apex of the Egyptian 13th Dynasty.
SCm??? 1738bc Jun 4
SCm??? 1736bc Jul 8
SCm??? 1734bc Aug 16
SCm??? 1732bc Sep 26
SCm??? 1730bc Jul 18
SCm??? 1728bc Jan 7
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SCm??? 1722bc May 3
SCm??? 1720bc Oct 1
SCm??? 1718bc Oct 23
SCm??? 1716bc Feb 7
SCm??? 1713bc Jun 18
SCm??? 1710bc Nov 10
SCm??? 1707bc Nov 4
SCm??? 1704bc Mar 2
SCm??? 1700bc Mar 3
Decline of the Harappan Culture in India.
Early Unetice culture, beginning of the Bronze Age in Central Europe.
Minoan civilization: phase II of the Middle period (MM II).
c. 1700 BC: The last species of mammoth became extinct on Wrangel Island.
c. 1700 BC: Indus Valley Civilization comes to an end but is continued by the Cemetery H culture
c. 1700 BC: Minoan Old Palace period ends and Minoan Second Palace (Neopalatial) period starts in Crete.
c. 1700 BC: Aegean metalworkers are producing decorative objects rivaling those of Ancient Near East jewelers, whose techniques they seem to borrow.
c. 1700 BC: Lila-Ir-Tash started to rule the Elamite Empire.
c. 1700 BC: Bronze Age starts in China.
c. 1700 BC: Shang Dynasty starts in China.
c. 1700 BCE - c. 1500 BCE : LaneA and LaneB scripts (1700)
1700s - Abraham settles in the land of Israel (Canaan).
SCm??? 1696bc Aug 26
SCm??? 1693bc Dec 8
SCm??? 1688bc Jan 7
SCm??? 1683bc Nov 7
SCm??? 1678bc May 8
SCm??? 1674bc Jul 4
SCm??? 1669bc Sep 20
SCm??? 1664bc Apr 3
SCm??? 1660bc Sep 17
SCm??? 1655bc May 4
SCm??? 1650bc Nov 6
SCm??? 1644bc Feb 17
Second Intermediate Period (1640-1520 BC) Dynasties XV-XVII The Middle Kingdom ends and the Second Intermediate Period begins. Some of the dynasties at the end of the middle kingdom and during this period only last for a short time. The horse and chariot are introduced during this period.
SCm??? 1638bc Jul 11
SCm??? 1632bc May 7
SCm??? 1626bc Nov 6
SCm??? 1619bc Jan 22
SCm??? 1613bc Oct 30
SCm??? 1607bc May 7
SCm??? 1601bc May 19
Burth of Myceaean Culture (1600)
SCm??? 1595bc Mar 17
SCm??? 1589bc Jun 9
SCm??? 1582bc May 21
SCm??? 1574bc May 29
SCm??? 1568bc Sep 19
SCm??? 1561bc Jan 1
SCm??? 1553bc Jan 11
SCm??? 1545bc Aug 18
SCm??? 1536bc Jun 28
SCm??? 1526bc Jan 17
SCm??? 1516bc Nov 27
1520 B.C. - Amhose I reunites the kingdom and the New Kingdom begins.
New Kingdom (1520-1075 BC) Dynasties XVIII-XX The New Kingdom is the time of greatest prosperity for the Ancient Egyptian civilization. During this time the Pharaohs conquer the most lands and the Egyptian Empire reaches its peak.
SCm??? 1505bc Sep 30
1506 B.C. - Tuthmosis I becomes Pharaoh. He is the first to be buried in the Valley of the Kings. For the next 500 years this will be the main burial area for the royalty of Egypt.
1504 BC – 1492 BC: Egypt conquers Nubia and the Levant.
- Coalescence of a number of cultural traits including undecorated pottery, megalithic burials, and millet-bean-rice agriculture indicate the beginning of the Mumun Pottery Period in the Korean peninsula.[1] c.
- Joseph is sold into slavery. His family join him in Egypt.
- Peak of Myceaean Culture
- The Aryans - nomadic northerners from central Asia, begin to migrate into the Indus Valley.
- Coalescence of a number of cultural traits including undecorated pottery, megalithic burials, and millet-bean-rice agriculture indicate the beginning of the Mumun Pottery Period in the Korean peninsula.
-Rigveda texts with labyrinthine structure created in India.
1500 BC – 1400 BC: The Rigveda was composed around this time.
1500 BC – 1400 BC: The Battle of the Ten Kings took place around this time.
c. 1500 BCE - 500 BCE : The Vedic Period in India.
1500 BC – 1400 BC: The Rigveda was composed around this time.
1500 BC – 1400 BC: The Battle of the Ten Kings took place around this time.
SCm??? 1494bc Nov 23
1487: Amphictyon, son of Deucalion and Pyrrha and King of Athens, dies after a reign of 10 years and is succeeded by Erichthonius I of Athens, a grandson of Cranaus.
SCm??? 1483bc Sep 4
-Period of greatest Egyptian expansion (4th Nile cataract to the Euphrates).
1480 BC: Queen Hatshepsut succeeded by her stepson and nephew Thutmosis III. She is one of the most successful woman pharaohs and rules for 22 years.
SCm??? 1472bc Aug 23
1469 BC: In the Battle of Megiddo, Egypt defeats Canaan (Low Chronology).[2]
SCm??? 1461bc Jun 22
c. 1460 BC: The Kassites overrun Babylonia and found a dynasty there that lasts for 576 years and nine months.
SCm??? 1451bc Nov 29
SCm??? 1442bc Jan 24
SCm??? 1431bc Oct 30
1430 BC – 1178 BC: Beginning of Hittite empire.
Amenhotep II, Pharaoh of Egypt (1427 BC–1401 BC)
1430 BC – 1160 BC: Hittite New Kingdom established.
SCm??? 1420bc Nov 25
1420 BC: Crete conquered by Mycenae—start of the Mycenaean period. First Linear B tablets
SCm??? 1409bc Dec 7
SCm??? 1398bc Apr 4
1400s - The Hebrews are enslaved by the Egyptians.
1400 BC: Palace of Minos destroyed by fire.
c. 1400 BC: Linear A reaches its peak of popularity.
c. 1400 BC: The height of the Canaanite town of Ugarit. Royal Palace of Ugarit is built. Myceneans conquers Greece and border of Anatolia. The Tumulus culture flourishes.
SCm??? 1386bc Feb 20
- Amenhotep III becomes Pharaoh. Under his reign the Egyptian civilization would reach its peak in prosperity, power, and art. He builds the Temple of Luxor.
SCm??? 1373bc Mar 4
SCm??? 1360bc Oct 23
1352 B.C. - Akhenaten changed the Egyptian religion to worship a single god. This was a major change of life. It only lasted for his rule, however, as his son Tutankhamun would change the religion back to the old ways.
SCm??? 1346bc Mar 3
SCm??? 1334bc May 13
SCm??? 1322bc Oct 21
SCm??? 1311bc May 16
SCm??? 1301bc Dec 19
1300 - Moses leads the Hebrews out of Egypt.
1300 BC: Cemetery H culture comes to an end in the Indus Valley.
SCm??? 1290bc Jul 15 1292 BC: End of the Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt, start of the Nineteenth Dynasty.
SCm??? 1279bc Jan 23
- Rameses II becomes Pharaoh. He would rule for 67 years and build many monuments.
1278 BC: Seti I dies, 1 year after his son, Ramesses II is crowned.
1274 BC: The Battle of Kadesh in Syria.
SCm??? 1270bc May 4
SCm??? 1261bc Jun 26
1258 BC: Ramses II, king of ancient Egypt, and Hattusilis III, king of the Hittites, sign the earliest known peace treaty. (September 7),
SCm??? 1251bc Apr 23
1251 BC: A solar eclipse on this date might mark the birth of Heracles at Thebes, Greece.
c. 1250 BC: Approximately 4,000 men fight a battle at a causeway over the Tollense valley in Northern Germany, the largest prehistoric battle north of the Alps known so far.[1]
1250 BC: The Lion Gate at Mycene is constructed (comparable with Hittite architecture).
SCm??? 1241bc Feb 11
SCm??? 1231bc Apr 22
c. 1230 BC: Aegeus, King of Athens, receives a false message that his designated heir Theseus, his son by Aethra of Troezena, is dead. Theseus had been sent to his overlord Minos of Crete as an offering to the Minotaur. Medus, Aegeus' only other son (by Medea of Colchis), had been exiled in Asia and would become ancestor to the Medes. Believing himself without heirs the King commits suicide after a reign of 48 years. He is succeeded by Theseus, who actually still lives. The Aegean Sea is reportedly named in his honor.
SCm??? 1221bc Aug 10
SCm??? 1212bc Oct 1
1213 BC: Theseus, King of Athens, is deposed and succeeded by Menestheus, great-grandson of Erechtheus and second cousin of Theseus' father Aegeus. Menestheus is reportedly assisted by Castor and Polydeuces of Sparta, who want to reclaim their sister Helen from her first husband Theseus. The latter seeks refuge in Skyros, whose King Lycomedes is an old friend and ally. Lycomedes, however, considers his visitor a threat to the throne and proceeds to assassinate him (though other accounts place these events a decade later, in the 1200s BC).
1212 BC: Death of Egyptian Pharaoh Ramesses II.
SCm??? 1201bc May 24
1208 BC: Pharaoh Merneptah defeats a Libyan invasion.
1206 BC: Approximate starting date of Bronze age collapse, a period of migration, unrest and destruction in the eastern Mediterranean and Near East.
1204 BC: Theseus, is deposed after a reign of 30 years and succeeded by Menestheus, great-grandson of Erichthonius II of Athens and second cousin of Theseus' father Aegeus. Menestheus is reportedly assisted by Castor and Polydeuces of Sparta, who want to reclaim their sister Helen from her first husband Theseus. Theseus seeks refuge in Skyros, whose King Lycomedes is an old friend and ally. Lycomedes, however, considers his visitor a threat to the throne and proceeds assassinates him. (Other accounts place these events a decade earlier. See 1210s BC.)
SCm??? 1200BC Oct 17
1200s - The Hebrews arrive in Israel.
c. 1200 BC: Start of Iron Age in Near East, eastern Mediterranean, and India.
c. 1200 BC: Collapse of Hittite power in Anatolia with the destruction of their capital Hattusa.
c. 1200 BC: Massive migrations of people around the Mediterranean and the Middle-East. See Sea People for more information.
c. 1200 BC: Aramaic nomads and Chaldeans become a big threat to the former Babylonian and Assyrian Empire.
c. 1200 BC: Migration and expansion of Dorian Greeks. Destruction of Mycenaean city Pylos.
c. 1200 BC: The proto-Scythian Srubna (Timber-grave) culture expands from the lower Volga region to cover the whole of the North Pontic area.
c. 1200 BC: The Cimmerians start settling the steppes of southern Russia (conjecture).
1200 BC: The Phoenicians found the port of Lisbon, Portugal 1197 BC: Ramses III of Egypt repels attacks by northern invaders (the "Sea-Peoples").
SCm??? 1192BC May 26 1191 BC: Menestheus, King of Athens, dies during the Trojan War after a reign of 23 years and is succeeded by his nephew Demophon, a son of Theseus. Other accounts place his death a decade later and shortly after the Trojan War (see 1180s BC). 1194 BC: The beginning of the Trojan War. ???
SCm??? 1184BC Jul 19 1186 BC: End of the Nineteenth dynasty of Egypt, start of the Twentieth Dynasty. April 24,
- 1184 BCE. Trojan War, according to Eratosthenes.
Other Dates:
1250 BCE. Trojan War, according to Herodotus.
1334 BCE. Trojan War, according to Duris of Samos.
It looks like Eratosthenes is right!
(Eratosthenes (276-195 BCE) was an ancient Greek Alexandrian scholar, native of Cyrene, who attained distinction in many fields including philosophy, mathematics, astronomy and history.)
SCm??? 1177BC Jul 19 1178 BC: A solar eclipse may mark the return of Odysseus, King of Ithaca, to his kingdom after the Trojan War. He discovers a number of suitors competing to marry his wife Penelope, whom they believe to be a widow, in order to succeed him on the throne. He organizes their slaying and re-establishes himself on the throne. ? ?
1175: End of Trojan War
SCm??? 1169BC Dec 31 1178 BC: A solar eclipse may mark the return of Odysseus, King of Ithaca, to his kingdom after the Trojan War. He discovers a number of suitors competing to marry his wife Penelope, whom they believe to be a widow, in order to succeed him on the throne. He organizes their slaying and re-establishes himself on the throne.
SCm??? 1163bc Feb 5
SCm??? 1154bc Aug 15 1154 BC: Death of exiled Queen Helen of Sparta at Rhodes. (estimated date).
SCm??? 1143bc Apr 15
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SCm??? 1120BC Mar 19
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SCm??? 1041bc Mar 55
SCm??? 1033bc Oct 31
SCm??? 1023BC Aug 10
1020 - Saul is crowned the first King of Israel.
SCm??? 1013BC May 21
SCm??? 1004bc Jan 6
1000 - David becomes King of Israel
SCm??? 0995BC Dec 12
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SCm??? 0752BC March 9
753 BC - The city of Rome is founded. Legend has it that the twin sons of Mars, the god of war, named Romulus and Remus founded the city. Romulus killed Remus and became ruler of Rome and named the city after himself.
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SCm??? 0708BC Dec 23
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SCm??? 0635BC Apr 2
Birth of Thales, Greek philosopher
636: Cylon, Athenian noble, seizes the Acropolis in a failed attempt to become king.
638: Birth of Solon, lawmaker of Athens
SCm??? 0628BC Nov 26
- Birth of Zoroaster, Persian religious prophet
- the foundation of Selinus by Megara Hyblaea(an ancient Greek colony in Sicily).
SCm??? 0621BC Sep 9
- Draco, Athenian lawgiver, issues code of laws, with many crimes punishable by death.
- Buddhism began in India
620: Aesop Birth
SCm??? 0613BC Feb 16
King Zhuang of Chu becomes king of Chu in China
612:Battle of Nineveh: An allied army of Babylonians, Medes, Scythians, and Susianians besieges and conquers Nineveh, capital of the Neo-Assyrian Empire. Sinsharishkun, King of Assyria, is killed in the sacking.
612: Babylon, capital of the Neo-Babylonian Empire, becomes the largest city in the world, taking the lead from Nineveh.
SCm??? 0605BC Jul 2
-Battle of Carchemish: Crown Prince Nebuchadnezzar defeats the allied armies of Egypt and former Assyria, securing the Babylonian conquest of Assyria. (approximate date)
-Battle of Hamath: Nebuchadnezzar II defeats the remainder of the Egyptian army after the Battle of Carchemish.
-Nebuchadnezzar succeeds his father Nabopolassar as king of Babylonia.
604: Lydia abandons the Siege of Miletus
SCm??? 0597BC Apr 26
595 Salamis is annexed by Athens
- Delphi gains independence from Kirrha
- Siege of Jerusalem ends with Nebuchadnezzar capturing and plundering the city and Temple in Jerusalem. He sends into Babylonian captivity the new young king Jeconiah (replacing him with Zedekiah, a puppet ruler) and number of other prominent Jews, including Ezekiel, along with a sizable portion of the Jewish population of the Kingdom of Judah, numbering about 10,000.
The Ark of the Covenant vanishes at this time.
SCm??? 0590BC Jul 6
- The Medians invade the Kingdom of Urartu, causing the fall of that kingdom.
- Siege of Ephesus is abandoned, Lydia annexes Smyrna and Median-Lydian war starts
- Sappho, Greek poet, flourishes on island of Lesbos.
SCm??? 0584BC Aug 1
- Burth of Mandane of Media, Median princess and mother of Cyrus the Great (approximate date)
585: The philosopher Thales of Miletus predicts a solar eclipse that occurs during the Battle of Halys.
585: Periander is overthrown by Psammetichus
SCm??? 0577BC Dec5
578 Thrasybulos dies
SCm??? 0570BC Oct 8
- Birth of Xenophanes, Greek philosopher
- Pythagoras is born.
- Deaths of
Sappho, Greek lyric poet
Ezekiel, Hebrew prophet
SCm??? 0563BC Jul 27
 Birth of Siddhartha Gautama, later known as Gautama Buddha in Lumbini, Nepal
564: Aesop Death
560: Croesus becomes king of Lydia.
SCm??? 0555BC Jan 25
555 Miltiades I unites Thracian Chernessos under his rule
SCm??? 0547BC Jan 29
- Athens repulses the Lesbans and Sigeion (Now ruled by Hegesistratos) becomes an Athenian vassal
- Croesus seizes the Persian city of Pteria and enslaves its inhabitants.
- The Battles of Thymbra and Pteria are fought between Croesus of Lydia and Cyrus the Great.
- Cyrus besieges and captures Sardis
- Deaths:
Anaximander
Thales of Miletus
Croesus
546 Sparta annexes Kynouria, Thyrea and Kythera from Argos
546 Croesus, rich king of Lydia, captured at Sardis by Persians.
SCm??? 0540BC Jun 13 - Cyrus attacks Babylonia
SCm??? 0533BC Nov 25 534: Athens starts extracting tribute from Ios
SCm??? 0526BC May 28
525: The ancient Greek city of Euesperides, (modern day Benghazi) is founded by people from Cyrene
525: Persian Cambyses II, son of Cyrus the Great takes Egypt.
SCm??? 0519BC Aug 16
- Birth of Xerxes I of Persia, fourth king of Persia
- Plataea leaves the Boeotian League and is sieged by the latter
- Miltiades is overthrown by Stesagoras
518: Athens repulses the Boeotians from Plataea
SCm??? 0512BC Aug 25
- Sun Tzu, author of The Art of War, begins serving King Helü of the State of Wu as his general and military strategist
513 Miltiades II defects from Athens to Persia
511 Piraeus is founded and annexed by Athens
515: February 25 – The Second Temple in Jerusalem is completed
515: Parmenides, Greek religious philosopher
SCm??? 0505BC Jun 23
- A war between Rome and the Sabines begins, concluding in 504 BC.
SCm??? 0497BC Oct 28
- Consecration of the newly constructed Temple of Saturn in the Roman Forum, and Saturnalia festival first celebrated.
500: Pythagoras dies in Croton, Italy, when he was in
SCm??? 0490BC Jun 23
- Darius I sends an expedition, under Artaphernes and Datis the Mede across the Aegean to attack the Athenians and the Eretrians. Hippias, the aged ex-tyrant of Athens, is on one of the Persian ships in the hope of being restored to power in Athens.
- Themistocles and Miltiades, Athenians, defeat Darius at Marathon, Phidippides runs with news.
- Before the Battle of Marathon, the Athenians send a runner, Pheidippides, to seek help from Sparta. However, the Spartans delay sending troops to Marathon because religious requirements (the Carnea) mean they must wait for the full moon.
- The Greek historian Herodotus, the main source for the Greco-Persian Wars, mentions Pheidippides as the messenger who runs from Athens to Sparta asking for help, and then runs back, a distance of over 240 kilometres[1] each way.[2] After the battle, he runs back to Athens to spread the news and raise the spirits. It is claimed that his last words before collapsing and dying in Athens are "Chairete, nikomen" ("Rejoice, we are victorious").
- The Athenians begin the building of a temple to Athena Parthenos
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336BC: Alexander succeeds father Philip II, who was assassinated by Pausanias of Orestis.
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327BC:
- Under the command of Alexander the Great the forces of the Hellenic League captures the fortress of the Sogdian Rock. Sogdiana and the Kabul region came under Hellenic control
- Alexander invades northern India, but his army is despondent and refuses to march further eastwards.
326BC: Battle of the Hydaspes
326BC: Alexandria Bucephalous (located on the Hydaspes river, Pakistan) is founded by Alexander the Great in memory of his beloved horse Bucephalus
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202BC: Scipio Africanus defeats Hannibal at Battle of Zama.
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149-146 BC: Third Punic War between Rome and Carthage. War ends with the complete destruction of Carthage, allowing Rome to conquer modern day Tunisia and Libya.
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